"A"

Accelerated Benefit: Some companies provide "accelerated benefits," also known as "living benefits." This rider allows you, under certain circumstances, to receive the proceeds of your life insurance policy before you die. Such circumstances include terminal or catastrophic illness, the need for long-term care, or confinement to a nursing home.

Accident: An unexpected event that causes injury.

Accident Hospital Indemnity Policy (AHIP): Pays a dollar amount for each day an Insured person is in the hospital due to an accident. Usually the benefit is paid directly to the insured to help offset costs incurred from hospital stays. It is often used to pay expenses not covered by major medical insurance. It may also provide accidental death coverage and other benefits such as extended care services.

Accidental Death: Loss of life which results from bodily injury caused by an accident.

Accidental Death Insurance: Coverage for death which results directly from an accident. (Different from life insurance.)

Accrue: The accumulation of dividends and interest held in a policy issued by a participating life insurance company.

Accumulation Phase: The period of the policy during which cash value is accumulated through premium payments and investment return.

ACLI: See American Council of Life Insurers.

Act of God: Certain acts of nature, such as earthquakes, floods or hurricanes, that are beyond human control.

Actuary: A mathematician employed by an insurance company to calculate premiums, reserves, dividends and insurance, pension and annuity rates, using risk factors obtained from experience tables. These tables are based both on the company's history of insurance claims and other industry and general statistical data.

Age Basis (Age Change): An applicant’s insurance age is determined in one of two ways, depending on the insurance carrier: (1) Age Nearest: six months before applicant’s birthday, their insurance age changes; (2) Actual Age: applicant’s last birthday will be used to determine the insurance age. Most insurance carriers use age nearest.

Agent: See "Licensed Insurance Agent."

Aggregate Limit: In Liability Insurance, the maximum amount of coverage under the contract period, regardless of how many accidents occur.

Amendment: An official document that serves as a revision to the original policy.

American Council of Life Insurers (ACLI): Located in Washington, D.C., ACLI is an association of life insurers concerned with issues that affect the life insurance industry on the federal, state, or local level. It lobbies on behalf of the industry, and the information it compiles is available to the public.

American Society of CLU: A national professional organization dedicated to maintaining high ethical standards in the life insurance and financial services industry and to providing programs for its members to continue their professional education through sponsorship of its own education activities as well as American College courses.

Amortization: An accounting procedure that calculates for depreciation by gradually reducing the cost value of an asset through periodic charges to income.

Anniversary: Refers to the date one year (or more) following the effective date of the contract.

Annuity: A contract sold by a life insurance company that provides fixed or variable payments to a person, either immediately or at a future date, usually to supplement retirement income. The income is paid from a stipulated date either until the death of the person or for a specified number of years. Annuities can be classified as either deferred or immediate.

Applicant: The person applying for the insurance policy. The applicant is not necessarily the owner or the insured.

Application: A form which may be completed by an individual who is requesting that insurance be issued. The applicant provides personal health information, and the insurance company uses the information to determine the appropriate classification and rate for the proposed insured.

Asset: An item having commercial or exchange value that is owned by an individual, business or institution. Assets owned by life insurance companies are comprised largely of financial instruments and are used to back life and health insurance and annuity obligations. These assets are purchased with premiums and investment earnings.

Asset Valuation Reserve (AVR): A conditional reserve required to cover potential future investment losses other than those caused by changes in market interest rates.

Assignment: The transfer of benefits or other rights of a life insurance policy to another person or business by a policyowner.

Attained Age: This refers to the insured's age at any given point.

Attending Physician's Statement (APS): Information from a proposed insured's physician covering medical history and results of medical examinations. It is used to determine the appropriate underwriting classification for the proposed insured.

Authorization: Permission from the policyowner which allows release of information to a named party.

Auto/Pedestrian Coverage: A typical component of accidental death insurance which pays benefits for accidental death or dismemberment when the insured is injured as a direct result of a collision or crash of a private passenger automobile or if struck by a private passenger automobile or land motor vehicle or while driving for hire a land motor vehicle.

"B"

Back Dating: Making the effective policy date earlier than the application or issue date, thereby making the age at issue lower and obtaining a lower premium. This is usually limited by law to six months.

Beneficiary: Person(s) designated to receive the benefits of an insurance policy when the insured dies.

Benefit Period: The period of time during which benefits are normally payable for an accidental death or hospital indemnity policy offering daily, weekly or monthly payments.

Benefits: The sum of money specified in an insurance contract to be paid to the beneficiary when a loss occurs.

Blended Product: A general term used to describe products structured with both whole life and term components.

"C"

Cancellable: An insurance contract that may be ended by the insured or the insurer at any time.

Cancellation: The termination of an insurance contract by the insured or the insurer in accordance with the policy provisions.

Capital Gain/Loss: Difference between an asset's purchase price and the price at which it is sold. If the difference is positive, it is a capital gain; if negative, it is a capital loss.

Carrier: The underwriting insurance company.

Cash Value: The amount of cash available to the owner when a policy is surrendered to the life insurance company. Most of the cash value is also available to policyowners in the form of policy loans. (See Net Total Cash Value and Total Cash Value.)

Certificate: A document issued to individuals insured under a group insurance policy, setting forth essential provisions relating to their insurance coverage.

Change of Beneficiary Provision: A contract provision that allows the owner of the insurance policy to change the beneficiary whenever desired, unless the beneficiary has been designated as irrevocable. In which case, the beneficiary's written permission would be required before a change could take place. (See Beneficiary and Irrevocable Beneficiary.)

Change of Insured: A provision or rider allowing the owner of a policy to change the insured (with evidence of insurability). This provision may be included in a life contract and may involve additional charges.

Child Rider: A rider to a life insurance policy in which term life insurance on the insured’s child is added. The child must be a minor and at least 15 days old. Most child riders cover any number of children for one flat rate.

Claim: A request for payment of benefits according to the terms of an insurance policy.

Clause: An article or added provision in a life insurance contract such as the Suicide Clause or the Incontestability Clause.

COBRA: The Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) allows employees to temporarily continue group health care coverage under their employer's plan following termination.

Common Carrier: A business or agency that is available to the public for transportation of persons, goods or messages.

Concealment: Refers to a fact that is intentionally not disclosed to the insurance company that could affect either the premium or the settle of a loss. Concealment of material fact may be cause to void the contract.

Conditional Receipt: A temporary contract that requires the insurance company to provide conditional coverage during the underwriting process when premium is submitted with the application and the applicant has been examined.

Contestable Period: A period of time during which the insurer can cancel or contest the policy. For life insurance, the contestable period is normally two years.

Contingent Beneficiary: A secondary beneficiary designated by the insured to receive the benefits of the policy if the named primary beneficiary is deceased when the proceeds become payable.

Contract: See Policy.

Conversion: The change of one policy to another without showing evidence of insurability. (See Term Conversion.)

"D"

Date of Issue: The date printed on the policy that indicates when the policy was issued. This date may be different than the policy date, which is the date the policy went into effect.

Death Benefit: The policy proceeds or benefit that is promised to the designated beneficiary of an insurance contract upon the insured individual's death.

Decreasing Term Insurance: Term insurance with a decreasing death benefit. The death benefit may decrease according to a schedule to fit a declining need, such as a loan balance.

Deferred Annuity: An "accumulation" annuity product under which payments are made by a person, either through a single premium or a series of periodic payments. It usually begins paying an income to the person at retirement.

Deviated Premium: A reduced premium which is charged the customer for a specified period of time upon initial purchase of an insurance policy.

Disability: The inability to perform the duties of your occupation or any other occupation for which you are reasonably fitted by education, training or experience due to an injury or sickness.

Disability Income Insurance (DI): A form of insurance coverage that provides a portion of income lost as the result of a total or partial disability caused by either an accident or an illness.

Dismemberment: Complete loss of limb at or above wrist or ankle joint or complete and permanent loss of sight in one or both eyes.

"E"

Effective Date: The date the insurance coverage goes into effect. The effective date will be shown on the policy.

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): A service that allows customers to have premium payments drawn directly from their bank accounts, eliminating the need to write checks. EFT simplifies record keeping, eliminates postage fees and reduces bank processing charges.

Elimination Period: A specific period of time which must pass before any policy benefits will be available. This is often included in disability and unemployment coverage. (See Waiting Period.)

Emergency Treatment Facility: A facility licensed to provide emergency care and staffed by a physician. It can be a clinic, hospital emergency room or similar outpatient emergency facility.

Endorsement: A change made in a life insurance policy as requested by the policyowner and acknowledged by the company, such as a change of beneficiary. Endorsements also include revisions in wording for the purpose of clarifying particular provisions of an insurance contract. (See Rider.)

Enrollment Form: A form completed by an applicant requesting a group insurance product.

Equity, premium: 1. The standard of fairness applied in the establishment of premiums, dividends, and policy values. The premise is that all insureds with similar characteristics should be categorized under the same underwriting classification, pay the same premium, and receive the same policy values. 2. Level of ownership interest in a policy.

Evidence of Insurability: Statements and representations regarding an insured's or prospective insured's state of health and other information that might affect insurance acceptability.

Exclusions: Specific conditions surrounding an accident, illness or death which are not covered by the benefits of a policy. For example, accidents occurring while the insured is under the influence of alcohol are usually not covered. Exclusions are required by law to be disclosed to the consumer prior to the purchase of an insurance policy.

Expected Mortality: The number of deaths which theoretically will occur among a group of people during a given period of time according to the mortality table in use.

Experience Factors: Factors, such as expenses, mortality, investments and rate of lapses which are used to determine an insurance product's cost.

Expiration Date: The date on which the insurance policy ceases to protect the policyowner.

Extended Care Facility: In addition to room and board accommodations, these facilities must primarily provide 24-hour nursing care under the supervision of a physician and maintain a daily medical record of each patient. It does not include a rest home, facility for the aged, drug addict, alcoholic, mental patient or facility for custodial or educational care.

Extended Term: A nonforfeiture option on whole life insurance which allows coverage to be extended for a limited time period by using the policy's cash value to purchase term insurance equal to the face amount. If premium payments are not resumed, the policy will terminate without value at the end of the term insurance period.

"F"

Face Amount: The original death benefit on a life insurance policy. The policy face amount is also referred to as the "face value."

Fiduciary: An individual, company, or association holding assets in trust for a beneficiary. The fiduciary has the responsibility of managing the money for the benefit of the beneficiary.

Final Expenses: Costs that must be settled prior to distribution of the deceased person's estate. Final expenses may include funeral costs, taxes, legal fees or existing debts.

Free Look/Free Review: The amount of time provided the consumer to review the policy after they have applied for or accepted the offer. Policies can be returned for a premium refund anytime within the free-look period. Typical free-look periods range anywhere from 10-90 days.

"G"

Grace Period: The length of time (usually 31 days) after a premium is due and unpaid during which the policy, including all riders, remains in force. If a premium is paid during the grace period, the premium is considered to have been paid on time.

Graded Benefit Life (GBL): A life insurance policy which provides limited benefits for certain causes of death. In the first two years, the benefit paid for nonaccidental death is a refund of premiums plus a percentage stated in the contract. In the event of accidental death, the full face amount is paid.

Group Insurance: Insurance which is available to all people who qualify on a class basis, regardless of individual considerations.

Guaranteed Issue: Insurance coverage for which there is usually no individual underwriting. All eligible members of a particular group of proposed insureds who apply for the policy and who meet certain conditions are automatically issued a policy.

Guaranteed Renewable: An individual health insurance policy that specifies that the insurer will continue the policy until the insured reaches a specified age, if premium payments are made when due. The insurer can change premium rates for broad classes of insureds. See also cancellable policy, conditionally renewable policy, noncancellable and guaranteed renewable policy, noncancellable policy, and optionally renewable policy.

"H"

Hospital: An institution which is primarily engaged in providing medical, diagnostic and major surgery facilities for medical care and treatment of sick and injured persons on an inpatient basis under supervision of duly licensed physicians and 24-hour nursing service. A hospital does not include a convalescent home, rest home, nursing facility, facility affording custodial or educational care, facility for the aged, drug addicts or alcoholics.

Hospital Confinement: An inpatient stay in a hospital for necessary care and treatment of an injury as prescribed by a physician. It does not include outpatient care and treatment, including outpatient surgery received in a hospital.

"I"

Incontestability Clause: A life insurance contract provision which states that after the policy has been in force for a specified period of time (usually two years), the company cannot rescind or deny a claim based on a material misrepresentation in the application.

Indemnify: The agreement to compensate or reimburse for incurred damage or loss.

Indemnity: The company will pay a specified benefit amount for a condition or hospital confinement, regardless of the actual expense.

Individual Retirement Account/Annuity (IRA): A retirement savings plan (excluding a Roth IRA) which allows individuals to contribute to an account. The contributions and earnings are taxable as income only when withdrawn or paid out after retirement.

Insurability: Those qualifications of age, health, occupation, etc., which enable the applicant to meet the requirements of an insurance company for the issuance of insurance.

Insurance: A system whereby individuals and companies who are concerned about the potential for loss pay premiums to an insurance company which, in turn, will reimburse those individuals and companies in the event the loss occurs.

Insured: The person whose life or health is covered by the insurance contract.

Irrevocable Beneficiary: A beneficiary whose interest cannot be cancelled without his or her consent.

Irrevocable Trust: A trust that cannot be revoked or amended by the party who establishes it. This type of trust is often established when life insurance is purchased to protect an estate.

Issue Age: Insurance age of insured used to calculate the premium of an insurance policy.

Issue Date: The date the insurance becomes effective. This is the date from which suicide and incontestability periods are calculated.

"J"

Juvenile Insurance: Life insurance placed on the life of a child, typically 3 months through 18 years old. Juvenile insurance offers premiums that are never lower (since they are based on age) and can be used to ensure further insurability. Premiums are typically paid by the parents or grandparents. Juvenile insurance can be term or whole life.

"L"

Lapse: The termination of an insurance policy because of the policyowner's failure to pay the premium by the end of the grace period.

Legal Dependent Children: Unmarried natural, adopted and stepchildren.

Level Premiums: Premiums which remain the same over the life of the policy.

Licensed Insurance Agent: A person who has satisfied individual state requirements and is then issued a license to solicit insurance products in that state. In order to make an insurance sale, a person must be authorized (licensed) by the state in which they are making the sale.

Life Annuity: An annuity in which payments are guaranteed to be paid at regular intervals for the life of the customer.

Life Expectancy: The average number of years of life remaining to a number of people of a given age according to a given mortality table.

Life Insurance: A product which provides protection against the economic loss caused by a person's death. The protection is made possible by spreading the cost of the financial loss over a large group of people who are exposed to the same risk.

Living Benefits (rider): A life insurance policy rider which allows the insured to receive all or part of the policy's death benefit before the insured's death if certain conditions are met. This type of provision is often used to help an insured pay health care costs if he or she becomes terminally ill. See also, "accelerated benefits."

Loan: Borrowing from the insurer and securing the amount of the loan by the cash value in the life insurance policy. If the insured dies when there is an outstanding loan balance, the amount of the loan and any unpaid interest will be deducted from the proceeds.

Loan Value: The amount that can be borrowed from the insurance company using the policy cash value as collateral.

Long Term Care Policy: A policy designed to cover the insured's long-term care costs in their home or in a nursing home.

Loss: Property damage or bodily injury made to a third party by the insured party, or damage to the insured party’s own property by the insured party.

Lump Sum: A single payment from the insurer for the total benefit amount due instead of a series of installment payments. Life insurance face amounts may be paid in lump sum if requested by the beneficiary.

"M"

Master Policy: A single insurance contract issued to an employer or other entity that provides group insurance to eligible employees or members, typically by issuing a certificate of insurance to such member.

Maturity Value: The amount payable under a whole life insurance policy if the insured person lives to the last age on the mortality table on which the values of the contract were based.

Maximum Benefit Period: The longest period of time that the insured person can normally collect benefits when a policy offers daily, weekly or monthly benefits. The maximum benefit period varies with the type of coverage.

Medical Examination: A medical history and exam completed by a doctor. Some insurance products may require a medical examination as part of the underwriting.

Medical Information Bureau (MIB): A service utilized by all life insurance companies who are members of the MIB. Member companies are required to provide brief, coded reports of significant underwriting information to the MIB on a confidential basis. These reports do not include indication whether or not an application is issued, rated or declined. The information is used to protect against the omission of significant underwriting information by applicants. Only member companies have access to this information.

Money-Back: A provision included in certain policies which provides for a return of the customers' premium payments to them after a specified period of time (usually 10-15 years) in which they retained coverage. Some money-back provisions also include a requirement for the time period that the customer not receive claim payments which exceed a preset amount (usually 20% of the premiums paid). (See Return of Premium.)

Morbidity (rate): 1. Sickness, disability or failure of health. 2. The likelihood that a person of a given age will suffer an illness or disability. The premium that a person pays for health insurance is based in part on the morbidity rate for that person's age group.

Mortality rate: The frequency of deaths in proportion to a specific population.

Mortality Table: A table or chart listing the probabilities of death occurring at various ages.

"N"

National Association of Insurance Commissioners: An organization of state insurance commissioners which meets to discuss and develop insurance regulations and practices.

Net Total Cash Value: The total cash value of a policy minus any policy loan balance.

Noncancellable: A policy term which signifies that the company cannot cancel coverage unless premiums are not paid; nor can the company raise rates or change the policy.

Nonforfeiture Provisions: Privileges allowed under the terms of a life insurance contract after cash value has been created. Three options exist: (1) surrender for full cash value, (2) paid-up insurance for however much the cash value, as a single premium, will buy at net rates, and (3) term insurance for the full face amount of the original policy for as long as the cash value will pay the necessary premiums.

Nonparticipating Policy (Non-par): Life insurance policy from which the policyowner does not receive dividends from the insurance company’s surplus.

Nonsmoker Premium Rates: This rate structure recognizes that nonsmokers are more likely to live longer and avoid debilitating illness than smokers. In effect, it provides better pricing for nonsmokers.

"O"

Occupation Class: Types of occupations that present a similar risk to an insurance company if all other factors are equal. People in the same occupation class will pay the same premium rates for health insurance.

OOC: The acronym used for an Outline of Coverage. An OOC is a brief outline of the policy benefits and exceptions written in language resembling a shortened version of the policy itself and is required by some states to be included with the initial advertising sent to the customer.

"P"

Paramedical Exam (Paramed): A medical examination performed by a nonphysician medical professional used to determine an applicant’s health risk. The health risk is used in determining insurability and premium classification for life and health insurance.

Payor: The person making premium payments on a policy.

Permanent Disability: A disability that will last a lifetime or at least as far into the future as can be foreseen.

Policy: The written document issued by a life insurance company to a policyowner which expresses the insurance contract between the company and the policyowner.

Policyowner (Policyholder): The individual who owns an insurance policy and who has all contractual rights. The policyowner is not necessarily the same person as the insured or the payor.

Preexisting Condition: A coverage limitation included in many health policies which states that certain physical or mental conditions, either previously diagnosed or which would normally be expected to require treatment prior to issue, will not be covered under the new policy for a specified period of time.

Premium: The periodic payment required to keep a specific policy in force.

Premium Notice: This is a notice from the insurance company detailing how much premium payment is due and by what date.

Premium Payor: The individual who pays the premiums on a policy.

Present Value: Refers to a method that applies an assumed rate of interest to compute today's value for a future payment.

Primary Beneficiary: The person who, upon the insured's death, has the first right to receive insurance proceeds.

Primary Insured: The person covered by the insurance contract. In a family policy, the primary insured is the person for whom the larger benefit amounts are assigned.

Principal Sum: The benefit amount payable in one sum in the event of loss.

Proof of Loss: Formal documentation by the policyowner to the insurer about any incurred losses. This documentation is needed to assess the loss and is also required before an insurer will compensate the policyowner for the loss.

"R"

Reinstatement: The period after the grace period during which the policy can be restored from a lapsed status through submission of acceptable evidence of insurability and unpaid premiums plus interest. The policy must not have been surrendered for its cash value.

Reinsurance: The sharing of claims risk by more than one insurance company. Reinsuring occurs when a company determines that a claims risk is too large to carry and chooses to find a second company willing to accept a part of the business.

Renew: To continue the policy for another period of time. Permanent coverage is generally renewable annually for life. Term insurance coverage may or may not be renewable; if renewable, the renewal period may be much shorter than life.

Renewable Term Insurance: Term insurance that may be renewed for another term of the same length without showing evidence of insurability, usually subject to an upper age limit beyond which renewal will not be permitted.

Replacement: The act of surrendering an insurance policy or part of an insurance policy in order to buy another policy.

Reserve: The amount of money an insurer holds which, with future premiums and an assumed rate of interest, will pay all contractual obligations as they fall due.

Restrictions: Factors affecting what actions can be taken on a policy, such as ownership restriction because of a divorce or tax levy.

Return of Premium (ROP): See Money-Back.

Rider: An addition to an insurance policy that can be offered at the time of the initial product offer or at a later date; it becomes part of the original contract and expands or limits the benefits which are payable.

Risk: In insurance, it is the probability of morbidity or mortality. It also pertains to uncertainty of gains or losses regarding investment performance on the underlying funds of a variable product.

"S"

Standard Risk: An applicant or insured who is considered to have a normal, or average, probability of a loss based on health, vocation and lifestyle.

Statutory Accounting Principles (SAP): The set of accounting principles upon which an insurance company's annual statement is required to be based for presentations to state regulatory authorities. Unlike Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), SAP is based on a liquidation concept which assumes that the company could be forced to terminate its business operations immediately, at any given time, and therefore views the value of the company's assets in liquidation versus its debt.

Stock: A certificate of ownership of a corporation representing a share of its capital and surplus.

Substandard Risk: An applicant or insured who is considered to have a higher than normal risk of incurring a loss based either on health, vocation and/or lifestyle. An applicant considered a substandard risk may be offered coverage at a higher premium.

Superpreferred Risk: An applicant or insured who is considered to have a much lower than normal risk of incurring a loss based either on health, vocation and/or lifestyle. A superpreferred risk will be offered coverage at the lowest premium.

Supplemental: Additional insurance protection purchased to supplement your primary insurance.

Surrender: The act of terminating a life insurance policy or annuity. The policyowner exchanges future rights of coverage for the immediate cash value of a life insurance or annuity policy.

"T"

Term Conversion: Many term policies come with conversion rights guaranteeing that, for a specified period of time, the policy can be converted to a permanent plan for the equivalent amount of coverage, without having to provide additional evidence of insurability. In some cases, the premium on the new policy will be based on the insured's age at the time of the original purchase.

Term Life Insurance: A type of life insurance that only pays benefits if the insured dies during the specified period of time. Term life insurance does not build cash value.

Termination: The cancellation of an insurance policy by the insurance company or the insured.

Total Cash Value: The combination of the guaranteed and nonguaranteed portion of the cash value. The term refers to the cash value after the deduction of any surrender charges. See Net Total Cash Value.

Total Disability: When a diability begins, it is typically considered a "total disability" if it prevents an insured person from performing the essential duties of his or her regular occupation. Under many insurance policies, the definition of total disability changes at the end of a specified period after the disability begins, usually two years. Therefore, insureds are considered totally disabled only if their disabilities prevent them from working at any occupation for which they are reasonably fitted by education, training or experience.

Trust: A fiduciary relationship with respect to property. It is an arrangement whereby one person has the legal title to property being held for the benefit of someone else who has the equitable title to the property.

"U"

Underwriter: An employee of a life insurance company whose job it is to evaluate the insurability and determine the risk classification of persons applying for insurance.

Underwritting: Process which provides an insurance company the opportunity to review and assess customer risk prior to acceptance of the application. May require a potential customer to take a physical exam to satisfy the underwriting requirements.

"V"

Variable Annuity (VA): A form of annuity contract sold by life insurance companies that allows the contract owner to select the investment funds and assume the investment risk. Variable annuities guarantee a payment, usually at retirement. The amount of the payout will vary, however, with the value of the underlying investment funds. Variable annuities may only be sold through individuals who, in addition to being licensed life insurance agents, are registered representatives.

Variable Interest Rate: The rate of interest paid on payment plans or charged on policy loans that varies with market conditions.

"W"

Waiting Period: See Elimination Period.

Waiver of Premium: A provision in some insurance contracts which enables an insurance company to waive the collection of premiums while keeping the policy in force if the policyholder becomes unable to work because of an accident or injury. The waiver of premium for disability remains in effect as long as the insured is disabled.

Whole Life Insurance: Permanent insurance which provides coverage for the life of the insured, provided premiums are paid as specified in the policy. Whole Life insurance will pay a death benefit upon the insured's death or a cash endowment upon policy maturity that is equal to the death benefit.

"A"

"B"

"C"

"D"

"E"

"F"

"G"

"H"

"I"

"J"

"L"

"M"

"N"

"O"

"P"

"R"

"S"

"T"

"U"

"V"

"W"

More questions?